Direct Determination of Glyphosate and Its Metabolites in Foods of Animal Origin by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Author:

Denžić Lugomer Marija1ORCID,Bilandžić Nina2ORCID,Pavliček Damir1ORCID,Novosel Tiana1

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Residues, Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 48260 Križevci, Croatia

2. Laboratory for Residues, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide in agriculture. Its major metabolite is AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), but N-acetyl-AMPA and N-acetylglyphosate are also metabolites of interest. For risk assessment, a general residue definition was proposed as the sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N-acetyl-glyphosate and N-acetyl-AMPA, expressed as glyphosate. A confirmatory method for glyphosate in fat, liver and kidneys, as well as a confirmatory method for AMPA and N-acetyl-glyphosate in all matrices, are still missing. In this paper, we present a method for the quantitative determination of glyphosate residues and its metabolites AMPA, N-acetyl-AMPA and N-acetyl-glyphosate by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in adipose tissue, liver, eggs, milk and honey without derivatization. Different chromatographic columns were tested, with the Hypercarb column providing the best results. The analytes were eluted with mobile phases of acidified water with 1.2% formic acid and 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile. Sample purification procedures were also optimized by varying the solvent extraction mixtures (water, methanol and mixture ψ (methanol, water) = 1:1, each with the addition of 1% formic acid (v/v)), using different sorbents in solid phase extraction (SPE) (polymeric cationic (PCX) and anionic (PAX)) and using dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) (C18 and PSA) by modifying the extraction procedures. Finally, the analytes were extracted from the samples with 1% formic acid in water (v/v). Milk and adipose tissue were purified by the addition of dichloromethane, while liver and egg samples were purified by SPE with a mixed cation exchange sorbent and ultrafiltration with cut-off filters. The proposed analytical procedures were validated according to SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines: linearity, limits of quantification, precision and accuracy were determined for all matrices. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.025 to 0.2 mg kg−1. Precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was <20%, while accuracy, expressed as analytical recovery, ranged from 70% to 120%. During method validation, the measurement uncertainty was estimated to be <50% for all analytes. Good validation parameters according to the SANTE document were achieved for all analytes. Therefore, the method can be considered reliable and sensitive enough for routine monitoring of polar pesticides. The application of the accredited method in routine analysis will provide data that are useful for the re-evaluation of risk assessment studies in foods of animal origin.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference34 articles.

1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2017). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the potential endocrine activity of glyphosate. EFSA J., 15, 4979.

2. European Commission (2013). Regulation (EC) No 293/2013 of 20 March 2013 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for emamectin benzoate, etofenprox, etoxazole, flutriafol, glyphosate, phosmet, pyraclostrobin, spinosad and spirotetramat in or on certain products. Off. J. Eur. Union, L96/1, 252–281.

3. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2019). Review of the existing maximum residue levels for glyphosate according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005–revised version to take into account omitted data. EFSA J., 17, e05862.

4. European Commission (2021). Commission Implementing Regulation

5. (EU) 2021/601 of 13 April 2021 concerning a coordinated multiannual control programme of the Union for 2022, 2023 and 2024 to ensure compliance with maximum residue levels of pesticides and to assess the consumer exposure to pesticide residues in and on food of plant and animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Union, 64, 29-41.

同舟云学术

1.学者识别学者识别

2.学术分析学术分析

3.人才评估人才评估

"同舟云学术"是以全球学者为主线,采集、加工和组织学术论文而形成的新型学术文献查询和分析系统,可以对全球学者进行文献检索和人才价值评估。用户可以通过关注某些学科领域的顶尖人物而持续追踪该领域的学科进展和研究前沿。经过近期的数据扩容,当前同舟云学术共收录了国内外主流学术期刊6万余种,收集的期刊论文及会议论文总量共计约1.5亿篇,并以每天添加12000余篇中外论文的速度递增。我们也可以为用户提供个性化、定制化的学者数据。欢迎来电咨询!咨询电话:010-8811{复制后删除}0370

www.globalauthorid.com

TOP

Copyright © 2019-2024 北京同舟云网络信息技术有限公司
京公网安备11010802033243号  京ICP备18003416号-3