Fractal Dimension Distributions of Resting-State Electroencephalography (EEG) Improve Detection of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Compared to Traditional Fractal Analysis

Abstract

Across many resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) studies, dementia is associated with changes to the power spectrum and fractal dimension. Here, we describe a novel method to examine changes in the fractal dimension over time and within frequency bands. This method, which we call fractal dimension distributions (FDD), combines spectral and complexity information. In this study, we illustrate this new method by applying it to resting-state EEG data recorded from patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) or dementia. We compared the performance of FDD with the performance of standard fractal dimension metrics (Higuchi and Katz FD). FDD revealed larger group differences detectable at greater numbers of EEG recording sites. Moreover, linear models using FDD features had lower AIC and higher R2 than models using standard full time-course measures of the fractal dimension. FDD metrics also outperformed the full time-course metrics when comparing SCI with a subset of dementia patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. FDD offers unique information beyond traditional full time-course fractal analyses and may help to identify dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease and dementia from other causes.