Design of Hierarchical Architected Lattices for Enhanced Energy Absorption

Abstract

Hierarchical lattices are structures composed of self-similar or dissimilar architected metamaterials that span multiple length scales. Hierarchical lattices have superior and tunable properties when compared to conventional lattices, and thus, open the door for a wide range of material property manipulation and optimization. Using finite element analysis, we investigate the energy absorption capabilities of 3D hierarchical lattices for various unit cells under low strain rates and loads. In this study, we use fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing to fabricate a dog bone specimen and extract the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 85A with a hundred percent infill printed along the direction of tensile loading. With the numerical results, we observed that the energy absorption performance of the octet lattice can be enhanced four to five times by introducing a hierarchy in the structure. Conventional energy absorption structures such as foams and lattices have demonstrated their effectiveness and strengths; this research aims at expanding the design domain of energy absorption structures by exploiting 3D hierarchical lattices. The result of introducing a hierarchy to a lattice on the energy absorption performance is investigated by varying the hierarchical order from a first-order octet to a second-order octet. In addition, the effect of relative density on the energy absorption is isolated by creating a comparison between a first-order octet lattice with an equivalent relative density as a second-order octet lattice. The compression behaviors for the second order octet, dodecahedron, and truncated octahedron are studied. The effect of changing the cross-sectional geometry of the lattice members with respect to the energy absorption performance is investigated. Changing the orientation of the second-order cells from 0 to 45 degrees has a considerable impact on the force–displacement curve, providing a 20% increase in energy absorption for the second-order octet. Analytical solutions of the effective elasticity modulus for the first- and second-order octet lattices are compared to validate the simulations. The findings of this paper and the provided understanding will aid future works in lattice design optimization for energy absorption.