MT–HVdc Systems Fault Classification and Location Methods Based on Traveling and Non-Traveling Waves—A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Estimation of fault classification and location in a multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT–HVdc) transmission system is a challenging problem and is considered to be a fundamental maneuver of dc grid protection. This research paper critically reviews traveling and non-travelling wave methods of classification and location of dc faults in multi-terminal HVdc transmission systems. Detailed mathematical analysis of MT–HVdc systems composed of high grounding resistance, cable and overhead line segments, and bipolar coupled transmission network under healthy and faulty conditions, are evaluated. The gravity of this research paper addresses benefits and shortcomings of traveling and non-traveling wave methods and futuristic techniques of fault classification and location.