Drone Delivery of Dehydro-Sulfurization Utilizing Doubly-Charged Negative Ions of Nanoscale Catalysts Inspired by the Biomimicry of Bee Species’ Bio-Catalysis of Pollen Conversion to Organic Honey

Abstract

The sulfur dioxide (SO2) compound is a primary environmental pollutant worldwide, whereas elemental sulfur (S) is a global commodity possessing a variety of industrial as well as commercial functions. The chemical relationship between poisonous SO2 and commercially viable elemental S has motivated this investigation using the Density Functional Theory calculation of the relative transition state barriers for the two-step dehydro-sulfurization oxidation–reduction reaction. Additionally, doubly-charged nanoscale platelet molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), armchair (6,6) carbon nanotube, 28-atom graphene nanoflake (GR-28), and fullerene C-60 are utilized as catalysts. The optimal heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis pathways of the two-step oxidation–reduction from SO2 to elemental S are further inspired by the biomimicry of the honeybee species’ multi-step bio-catalysis of pollen conversion to organic honey. Potential applications include environmental depollution, the mining of elemental sulfur, and the functionalization of novel technologies such as the recently patented aerial and amphibious LynchpinTM drones.