The COVID-19 Pandemic Was Associated with a Change in Therapeutic Management and Mortality in Heart Failure Patients

Abstract

Background: Heart failure (HF)-related mortality has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it is unclear how healthcare reassessment has contributed to the excess mortality versus SARS-CoV-2 infection itself. We aimed to assess how the pandemic affected the therapeutic management and prognosis of HF patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the healthcare utilization databases of the Lombardy region (Italy) to identify all newly-diagnosed HF patients from January 2018 to December 2021. Outcomes were the utilization of HF therapies (Sacubitril/Valsartan; cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT] and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator [ICD]; mechanical circulatory support [MCS]; heart transplantation [HTX]) and mortality. Cox regression models were fitted to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes associated with the pandemic. Results: 36,130 and 17,263 patients were identified in the pre-pandemic and pandemic eras, respectively. The pandemic reduced Sacubitril/Valsartan utilization (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65–0.91) and CRT/ICD implantation (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78–0.92), but not MCS (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.86–1.43) and HTX (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.70–1.09). An increased mortality risk was observed during the pandemic (HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15–1.23), which was attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection (HR for non-COVID-19-related mortality = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.97–1.04). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a reduction in medical and interventional therapies for HF and an increase in mortality for HF patients.