Adaptation of Tourism Transformation in Rural Areas under the Background of Regime Shift: A Social–Ecological Systems Framework

Abstract

The rural transformation driven by regime shift is obvious around the world, and there is still insufficient research exploring related effective analytical frameworks and ideas. Transformation adaptation is widely used in the field of disaster research as a concept of dynamic systems’ evolutionary development, emphasizing fundamental changes in the structure or function of systems and promoting equity and justice for communities in social–ecological systems. This paper critically reviews and synthesizes the literature on adaptation to construct an evaluation framework of transformative adaptation of social–ecological systems. This framework is applied to the analysis of the adaptive process, capacity, and outcomes of rural tourism transformation in different cases of Shaanxi Province, China. The results were as follows: (1) The shift of regime state in the process of rural transformation adaptation has diversified, while the tourism regime shift with active adaptation has better adaptive capacity and outcomes; (2) a strong community foundation and benefit-sharing tourism development model can promote adaptation in the rural system; and (3) social relationship networks, farmers’ collective interests and discourse power, and rural economic and material conditions are the key factors affecting the adaptation of rural tourism transformation. This study provides practical analytical tools and opportunities for improving adaptation of the rural tourism transformation at the global level.