Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome with Anemia-Polycythemia: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Outcome

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of co-existing anemia-polycythemia (AP) in twin pregnancies with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) prior to laser surgery, and to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes in TTTS twins with and without AP. All TTTS cases treated with laser between 2001 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of AP before surgery. AP was defined as delta middle cerebral artery–peak systolic velocity > 0.5 multiples of the median. The primary outcome was a composite of perinatal survival and severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Secondary outcomes included procedure-related characteristics, severe neonatal morbidity, and disease-free survival. In total, 66% (461/696) of TTTS twin pregnancies were eligible for analysis. AP was detected in 15% (70/461) of the TTTS twins prior to laser surgery. Gestational age at laser was higher in the TTTS+AP group compared to the TTTS-only group—21.0 weeks (interquartile rage (IQR): 18.8–24.0) versus 19.3 weeks (IQR: 17.3–21.9), respectively (p < 0.0001). Fewer placental anastomoses were detected in the TTTS+AP group than in the TTTS-only group—five (IQR: 4–6) versus six (IQR: 5–8), respectively (p < 0.0001). Perinatal survival was 77% (599/782) in the TTTS-only group and 83% (118/142) in the TTTS+AP group (p = 0.130). Severe NDI was 8% (28/370) in TTTS-only and 3% (2/74) in TTTS+AP. TTTS-only twins showed more severe neonatal morbidity than twins with TTTS+AP—23% (132/575) versus 11% (13/115), respectively (p = 0.005). Disease-free survival was lower in the TTTS-only group compared to the TTTS+AP group—62% (341/548) versus 73% (72/98), respectively (p = 0.046). Thus, AP complicates 15% of TTTS twins prior to laser. TTTS+AP twins show a different placental angioarchitecture, a later time of onset of the disease, and a more favorable outcome.