An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines

Author:

Mathew Dona Susan1ORCID,Pandya Tirtha2ORCID,Pandya Het2ORCID,Vaghela Yuzen2ORCID,Subbian Selvakumar2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 608204, India

2. Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA

Abstract

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted the health and socioeconomic status of humans worldwide. Pulmonary infection of SARS-CoV-2 results in exorbitant viral replication and associated onset of inflammatory cytokine storm and disease pathology in various internal organs. However, the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood. Currently, there are no targeted therapies available to cure COVID-19, and most patients are treated empirically with anti-inflammatory and/or anti-viral drugs, based on the disease symptoms. Although several types of vaccines are currently implemented to control COVID-19 and prevent viral dissemination, the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 that can evade the vaccine-induced protective immunity poses challenges to current vaccination strategies and highlights the necessity to develop better and improved vaccines. In this review, we summarize the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and elaborately discuss various types of vaccines and vaccination strategies, focusing on those vaccines that are currently in use worldwide to combat COVID-19 or in various stages of clinical development to use in humans.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Molecular Biology,Biochemistry

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