Acute Ammonia Causes Pathogenic Dysbiosis of Shrimp Gut Biofilms

Author:

Gao Ning123,Shu Yi123ORCID,Wang Yongming123,Sun Meng4,Wei Zhongcheng3ORCID,Song Chenxi3,Zhang Weipeng4ORCID,Sun Yue13ORCID,Hu Xiaoli3,Bao Zhenmin23,Ding Wei3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China

2. Southern Marine Science and Engineer Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China

3. MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China

4. Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China

Abstract

Acute ammonia exposure has detrimental effects on shrimp, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully explored. In the present study, we investigated the impact of acute ammonia exposure on the gut microbiota of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its association with shrimp mortality. Exposure to a lethal concentration of ammonia for 48 h resulted in increased mortality in L. vannamei, with severe damage to the hepatopancreas. Ammonia exposure led to a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity, along with the loss of beneficial bacterial taxa and the proliferation of pathogenic Vibrio strains. A phenotypic analysis revealed a transition from the dominance of aerobic to facultative anaerobic strains due to ammonia exposure. A functional analysis revealed that ammonia exposure led to an enrichment of genes related to biofilm formation, host colonization, and virulence pathogenicity. A species-level analysis and experiments suggest the key role of a Vibrio harveyi strain in causing shrimp disease and specificity under distinct environments. These findings provide new information on the mechanism of shrimp disease under environmental changes.

Funder

the National Key Research and Development Program of China

Publisher

MDPI AG

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