Affiliation:
1. Microbiology and Virology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCSS, 00144 Rome, Italy
2. Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Abstract
Wound repair and skin regeneration is a very complex orchestrated process that is generally composed of four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Each phase involves the activation of different cells and the production of various cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators affecting the immune response. The microbial skin composition plays an important role in wound healing. Indeed, skin commensals are essential in the maintenance of the epidermal barrier function, regulation of the host immune response, and protection from invading pathogenic microorganisms. Chronic wounds are common and are considered a major public health problem due to their difficult-to-treat features and their frequent association with challenging chronic infections. These infections can be very tough to manage due to the ability of some bacteria to produce multicellular structures encapsulated into a matrix called biofilms. The bacterial species contained in the biofilm are often different, as is their capability to influence the healing of chronic wounds. Biofilms are, in fact, often tolerant and resistant to antibiotics and antiseptics, leading to the failure of treatment. For these reasons, biofilms impede appropriate treatment and, consequently, prolong the wound healing period. Hence, there is an urgent necessity to deepen the knowledge of the pathophysiology of delayed wound healing and to develop more effective therapeutic approaches able to restore tissue damage. This work covers the wound-healing process and the pathogenesis of chronic wounds infected by biofilm-forming pathogens. An overview of the strategies to counteract biofilm formation or to destroy existing biofilms is also provided.
Funder
Italian Ministry of Health
Reference139 articles.
1. Yousef, H., Alhajj, M., and Sharma, S. (2022, November 14). Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis, Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/.
2. Oualla-Bachiri, W., Fernández-González, A., Quiñones-Vico, M.I., and Arias-Santiago, S. (2020). From grafts to human bioengineered vascularized skin substitutes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.
3. Skin structure-function relationships and the wound healing response to intrinsic aging;Blair;Adv. Wound Care,2020
4. Diverse cellular players orchestrate regeneration after wounding;Williams;Exp. Dermatol.,2021
5. Wilkinson, H.N., and Hardman, M.J. (2020). Wound healing: Cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open Biol., 10.
Cited by
6 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献