Vascular Dysfunctions Contribute to the Long-Term Cognitive Deficits Following COVID-19

Author:

Shabani Zahra12,Liu Jialing3,Su Hua12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA

2. Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA

3. Department of Neurosurgery, University of California (San Francisco), San Francisco, CA 94131, USA

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded RNA virus and a member of the corona virus family, primarily affecting the upper respiratory system and the lungs. Like many other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 can spread to other organ systems. Apart from causing diarrhea, another very common but debilitating complication caused by SARS-CoV-2 is neurological symptoms and cognitive difficulties, which occur in up to two thirds of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and range from shortness of concentration and overall declined cognitive speed to executive or memory function impairment. Neuro-cognitive dysfunction and “brain fog” are frequently present in COVID-19 cases, which can last several months after the infection, leading to disruption of daily life. Cumulative evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 affects vasculature in the extra-pulmonary systems directly or indirectly, leading to impairment of endothelial function and even multi-organ damage. The post COVID-19 long-lasting neurocognitive impairments have not been studied fully and their underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the effects of COVID-19 on vascular dysfunction and how vascular dysfunction leads to cognitive impairment in patients.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

NIH NINDS

Department of Veterans Affairs Administration BLR&D

Michael Ryan Zodda Foundation

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

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