Investigation on Flavescence Dorée in North-Western Italy Identifies Map-M54 (16SrV-D/Map-FD2) as the Only Phytoplasma Genotype in Vitis vinifera L. and Reveals the Presence of New Putative Reservoir Plants

Abstract

Flavescence dorée (FD) is the most important phytoplasma-associated disease of the grapevine yellows complex in Europe. Recent studies highlighted a great genetic diversity within FD phytoplasma (FDp) strains and demonstrated that their diffusion is not related exclusively to the pathosystem including Vitis vinifera L. and Scaphoideus titanus but involves additional vectors and reservoir plants. This study aimed to investigate FD epidemiology in north-western Italy, with a particular focus on FDp hosts. During field surveys, leaf samples were collected from symptomatic grapevines and other symptomless plant species, and insects were collected within and around vineyards. Phytoplasmas belonging to the ribosomal group 16SrV were detected and typed using nested-PCR-based amplification and nucleotide sequence analyses of the map gene. All symptomatic grapevines were found to be infected by the FDp genotype M54, prevalent in S. titanus and also identified in other known and newly reported hosts. Interestingly, other FDp strains (M38, M50, M51, M121) and FDp-related strains (M39, M43, M48), never detected in grapevines, were largely identified in several known and newly reported host plants and insects including S. titanus. Such evidence confirmed the complexity of FD ecology, expanding the knowledge on the range of FDp host plants putatively involved in the disease spread.