Mechanism of Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Fe-Modified Biochar and Its Application

Abstract

This study discussed the mechanism of Fe-modified biochar (FeBC) derived from rice straw biochar (BC) as an adsorbent for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solution and assessed its applicability in actual industrial wastewater. The Cr(VI) removal percentage increased with the FeBC dose, which achieved a removal of 99.5% at 8.0 g/L FeBC. Increasing the solution pH from 2 to 10 slightly reduced Cr(VI) adsorption by 6.6%. Coexisting ions such as Ca2+, Na+ and Cl− inhibited the removal of Cr(VI); the removal rate decreased to 60% at their concentration of 0.25 mol/L. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were better described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively. Through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the analysis revealed that FeBC with iron oxides loaded onto its surface had more active sites than BC; the surface functional groups changed; the removal of Cr(VI) by FeBC was mainly attributed to electrostatic adsorption; the redox reaction of Cr, and Fe loaded onto BC enhanced Cr(VI) reduction process. FeBC showed a good removal performance on actual industrial wastewater with the concentration of both total Cr and Cr(VI) meeting the integrated wastewater discharge standard of China.