Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Rosacea: A Phenotype-Based Therapeutic Approach
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Published:2024-01-17
Issue:1
Volume:11
Page:11
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ISSN:2079-9284
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Container-title:Cosmetics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Cosmetics
Author:
Galluccio Giulia1, D’Onghia Martina1ORCID, Malvaso Dalma23, Lazzeri Laura1, Cinotti Elisa1ORCID, Rubegni Giovanni4, Rubegni Pietro1, Calabrese Laura12ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy 2. Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy 3. UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy 4. Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that mainly affects the central face. It is primarily characterized by recurrent episodes of flushing, persistent erythema, inflammatory papules, telangiectasias, phymatous changes, and ocular symptoms. Its pathogenesis is complex and still not completely understood. It encompasses innate and adaptive immune system dysregulation, neurovascular dysfunction, and genetic and environmental factors. To date, four subtypes of rosacea have been identified, based on the predominant clinical features: erythemato-teleangiectatic, papulopustular, pyhomatous, and ocular rosacea. New insights into this condition have led to several pharmacological treatments, including topical medications, spanning from the conventional azelaic acid, metronidazole, benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, and erythromycin to new ones including not only brimonidine, oxymetazoline, ivermectine, and minocycline but also systemic drugs such as oral antibiotics, isotretinoin, non-selective β-blockers or α2-adrenergic agonists, and laser- or light-based therapies, together with new therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to review the current literature on the pathophysiology of rosacea and to provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that specifically address each clinical subtype.
Subject
Dermatology,Pharmaceutical Science,Aging,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous),Surgery
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