Cosmeceutical Potentials of Grammatophyllum speciosum Extracts: Anti-Inflammations and Anti-Collagenase Activities with Phytochemical Profile Analysis Using an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach

Abstract

Grammatophyllum speciosum is the largest orchid species and a well-known traditional medicinal plant. Due to skin aging, natural products that inhibit this process can attract the attention of consumers and scientists because radical-scavenging activity, collagenase inhibition, and inflammatory suppression are valuable in dermatological applications. This study investigated the phytochemicals in G. speciosum leaves extracts that have cosmeceutical potentials, including radical-scavenging, anticollagenase, and anti-inflammatory abilities. G. speciosum leaves were extracted using water-based extraction methods. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify the phytochemicals in the extracts. Fibroblast and keratinocyte cell cytotoxicity was determined. Antioxidant abilities were measured using DPPH and ABTS assays. The effect of the extracts on nitric oxide (NO) in macrophage cells was investigated. ELISA of the collagenase enzyme was determined. A total of 721 annotated metabolites were identified in the extracts. Vitexin and orientin were the most abundant metabolites. Cell viability was >80% in both cell lines when the extract concentration was <1 mg/mL. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS were 56 and 117 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts revealed that NO and collagenase activity were suppressed by 42% and 23%, respectively. The extracts can suppress ROS, inflammatory, and collagenase activities without causing fibroblast and keratinocyte cell death. Thus, this study provides information on metabolites in G. speciosum leaves, which is promising as cosmeceuticals or pharmaceuticals with anti-inflammatory and anti-collagenase activities.