Abstract
In this work, we propose a potentiometric smart sensor for lithium detection in environmental samples based on a screen-printed cell. The graphite screen-printed electrode (GSPE) was first modified by gold and silver nanoparticles to increase the conductivity, and then by an ion-selective membrane, which was directly deposited onto the nanostructured electrode surface. The potentiometric cell, thanks to its small size, was integrated with a portable instrument connected to a smartphone for decentralized analysis. The developed sensor was used in drop- and microflow-configurations and showed a high sensitivity for lithium with a low detection limit (1.6 µM). It was also applied in the analysis of real samples from the industrial recycling of automotive batteries and complex matrices, such as contaminated soils.
Funder
Regione Toscana within the project RI.B.AT
Subject
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Analytical Chemistry
Reference38 articles.
1. Use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles;Kennedy;J. Power Sources,2000
2. Velázquez-Martínez, O., Valio, J., Santasalo-Aarnio, A., Reuter, M., and Serna-Guerrero, R. (2019). A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective. Batteries, 5.
3. Islam, M.T., and Iyer-Raniga, U. (2022). Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review. Recycling, 7.
4. Understanding the future of lithium: Part 1, resource model;Ambrose;J. Ind. Ecol.,2020
5. Nriagu, J.O. (2011). Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, Elsevier B.V.