Performance of the Flexible and Rigid Lining under Earthquake Impact and Weakness of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) Principles, a Specific Case Study of the Bolu Tunnel

Abstract

The Bolu tunnel is located between the Istanbul-Ankara Highway and its construction took approximately 13 years. Since the beginning of the tunnel excavation, serious deformations and stability problems have been encountered. The basis of the problems encountered during the tunnel excavation is the fact that the geological units through which the tunnel passes are very weak and fault lines cut the tunnel location. The fault lines pass through secondary faults in the seismically active North Anatolian Fault. At these fault crossings, deformations occurred continuously so that revisions had to be made in the support systems. The 12 November 1999 Düzce earthquake occurred on the Düzce fault and a surface rupture 40 km long was caused. The rupture terminated 1.5 km west of the tunnel; it did not reach the tunnel. Throughout the earthquake, instances of collapse occurred at the areas excavated on the fault line at the entrance of Elmalık and where the deformations exceeded 1.0 m; this section of the tunnel had to be abandoned. After these problems, a new improved design for tunnel excavation was developed. These new support systems, which are Bernold lining and bench pilot tunnel systems, contain allowance for rigid lining that is the opposite of the new Austrian tunneling method (NATM) principles. Within the scope of this study, the causes of the collapse in the tunnel are investigated and the effect of the Düzce earthquake on the tunnel is discussed. Also, the applicability of the NATM in tunnels excavated on weak zones is also discussed.