Photocatalytic Degradation and Adsorptive Removal of Emerging Organic Pesticides Using Metal Oxide and Their Composites: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives

Abstract

For applications involving water cleanup, metal oxide nanoparticles are exceptionally successful. They are useful for the adsorption and photocatalytic destruction of organic pollutants due to their distinctive qualities, which include their wide surface/volume area, high number of active sites, porous structure, stability, recovery, and low toxicity. Metal oxide nanomaterials have drawn a lot of attention from researchers in the past ten years because of their various production pathways, simplicity in surface modification, abundance, and inexpensive cost. A wide range of metal oxides, such as iron oxides, MgO, TiO2, ZnO, WO3, CuO, Cu2O, metal oxides composites, and graphene–metal oxides composites, with variable structural, crystalline, and morphological features, are reviewed, emphasizing the recent development, challenges, and opportunities for adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants such as dyes, pesticides, phenolic compounds, and so on. In-depth study of the photocatalytic mechanism of metal oxides, their composites, and photocatalytically important characteristics is also covered in this paper. Metal oxides are particularly effective photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants due to their high photodegradation efficiency, economically sound methods for producing photo-catalytic materials, and precise band-gap engineering. Due to their detrimental effects on human health, pesticides—one of the highly hazardous organic pollutants—play a significant part in environmental contamination. Depending on where they come from and who they are targeting, they are categorized in various ways. Researchers focusing on metal oxides and their composites for the adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of pesticides would find the review to be a beneficial resource. Detailed information on many pesticides, difficulties associated with pesticides, environmental concentration, and the necessity of degradation has been presented.