Investigation of Best Practices for Venom Toxin Purification in Jellyfish towards Functional Characterisation

Author:

Lausen Blake12,Ahang Anahita12,Cummins Scott12ORCID,Wang Tianfang12

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs 4556, Australia

2. School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs 4556, Australia

Abstract

The relative lack of marine venom pharmaceuticals can be anecdotally attributed to difficulties in working with venomous marine animals, including how to maintain venom bioactivity during extraction and purification. The primary aim of this systematic literature review was to examine the key factors for consideration when extracting and purifying jellyfish venom toxins to maximise their effectiveness in bioassays towards the characterisation of a single toxin.An up-to-date database of 119 peer-reviewed research articles was established for all purified and semi-purified venoms across all jellyfish, including their level of purification, LD50, and the types of experimental toxicity bioassay used (e.g., whole animal and cell lines). We report that, of the toxins successfully purified across all jellyfish, the class Cubozoa (i.e., Chironex fleckeri and Carybdea rastoni) was most highly represented, followed by Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa. We outline the best practices for maintaining jellyfish venom bioactivity, including strict thermal management, using the “autolysis” extraction method and two-step liquid chromatography purification involving size exclusion chromatography. To date, the box jellyfish C. fleckeri has been the most effective jellyfish venom model with the most referenced extraction methods and the most isolated toxins, including CfTX-A/B. In summary, this review can be used as a resource for the efficient extraction, purification, and identification of jellyfish venom toxins.

Funder

Australian Research Council Discovery Project

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology

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