In Situ Identification of Unknown Crystals in Acute Kidney Injury Using Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is a well-established and powerful tool for in situ biomolecular evaluation. Type 2 crystal nephropathies are characterized by the deposition of crystalline materials in the tubular lumen, resulting in rapid onset of acute kidney injury without specific symptoms. Timely crystal identification is essential for its diagnosis, mechanism exploration and therapy, but remains challenging. This study aims to develop a Raman spectroscopy-based method to assist pathological diagnosis of type 2 crystal nephropathies. Unknown crystals in renal tissue slides from a victim suffered extensive burn injury were detected by Raman spectroscopy, and the inclusion of crystals was determined by comparing Raman data with established database. Multiple crystals were scanned to verify the reproducibility of crystal in situ. Raman data of 20 random crystals were obtained, and the distribution and uniformity of substances in crystals were investigated by Raman imaging. A mouse model was established to mimic the crystal nephropathy to verify the availability of Raman spectroscopy in frozen biopsy. All crystals on the human slides were identified to be calcium oxalate dihydrate, and the distribution and content of calcium oxalate dihydrate on a single crystal were uneven. Raman spectroscopy was further validated to be available in identification of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in the biopsy specimens. Here, a Raman spectroscopy-based method for in situ identification of unknown crystals in both paraffin-embedded tissues and biopsy specimens was established, providing an effective and promising method to analyze unknown crystals in tissues and assist the precise pathological diagnosis in both clinical and forensic medicine.