Paleoenvironmental Evaluation Using an Integrated Microfacies Evidence and Triangle Model Diagram: A Case Study from Khurmala Formation, Northeastern Iraq
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Published:2023-11-13
Issue:11
Volume:11
Page:2162
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ISSN:2077-1312
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Container-title:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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language:en
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Short-container-title:JMSE
Author:
Abid Ali Ashoor1, Salih Namam Muhammed2ORCID, Martyushev Dmitriy A.3ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Earth Sciences and Petroleum, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Soran University, Soran-Erbil 44008, Kurdistan Region, Iraq 3. Department of Oil and Gas Technologies, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 614990 Perm, Russia
Abstract
The sequence of the Khurmala Formation located in northeastern Iraq was measured and sampled to evaluate its paleoenvironmental features, including sedimentological and microfacies analyses. The studied formation was analyzed under an optical microscope and was dominated by three main types of microfacies: coralligenous–algal wackestone, foraminiferal–peloidal packstone, and foraminiferal–peloidal grainstone. These hosted microfacies in the Khurmala Formation rarely contain a non-geniculate algae that insufficient for complete reef-building as a crest, but among the common algae, there are calcareous geniculate and green algae associated with benthic foraminifera and a minor component of planktonic foraminifera in the basin due to high-energetic open shallow-water environmental conditions during the deposition of the Khurmala Formation. The relative percentages of foraminifera, including both benthic and planktonic, plotted on triangular diagrams revealed a graphic indicator of paleoenvironment analyses. Detailed examination and analyses for microfacies, new findings of calcareous green algae (Acicularia and Clypeina), and microfacies analyses based on the triangle method and standard facies zones, denote that the upper part of the Khurmala Formation was richer in fined grain and Acicularia green algae, reflecting lower energy conditions than during deposition in the lower part of the formation, which was represented by algal wackestone microfacies and dominated by Clypeina green algae. In summary, these fluctuations in facies/microfacies changes, the appearance of new green algae, and different percentages of foraminiferal content are linked to the global sea level fluctuation that occurred during the Paleocene–Eocene interval.
Subject
Ocean Engineering,Water Science and Technology,Civil and Structural Engineering
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