Venomous Bites, Stings and Poisoning by European Vertebrates as an Overlooked and Emerging Medical Problem: Recognition, Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Management

Author:

Paolino Giovanni12,Di Nicola Matteo Riccardo13ORCID,Avella Ignazio456ORCID,Mercuri Santo Raffaele1

Affiliation:

1. Unit of Dermatology and Cosmetology, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy

2. Unit of Clinical Dermatology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy

3. Asociación Herpetológica Española, Apartado de Correos 191, 28911 Leganés, Spain

4. CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal

5. Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal

6. BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal

Abstract

Europe presents a high number of venomous and poisonous animals able to elicit medically relevant symptoms in humans. However, since most of the accidents involving venomous or poisonous animals in Europe are unreported, their incidence and morbidity are severely overlooked. Here we provide an overview of the European vertebrate species of greatest toxicological interest, the clinical manifestations their toxins can cause, and their treatment. We report the clinical symptoms induced by envenomations and poisoning caused by reptiles, fishes, amphibians and mammals in Europe, ranging from mild, local symptoms (e.g., erythema, edema) to systemic and potentially deadly. The present work constitutes a tool for physicians to recognize envenomation/poisoning symptoms caused by the most medically relevant European vertebrates and to decide which approach is the most appropriate to treat them.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Paleontology,Space and Planetary Science,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Reference184 articles.

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3. Vipera Snakebite in Europe: A Systematic Review of A Neglected Disease;Paolino;J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.,2020

4. Predicting Scorpion Sting incidence in An Endemic Region Using Climatological Variables;Chowell;Int. J. Environ. Health Res.,2005

5. Evaluating Temporal Patterns of Snakebite in Sri Lanka: The Potential for Higher Snakebite Burdens with Climate Change;Ediriweera;Int. J. Epidemiol.,2018

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