Effects of Innovative Processing Methods on Microalgae Cell Wall: Prospects towards Digestibility of Protein-Rich Biomass

Abstract

Microalgae are known to have higher photosynthetic efficiencies when compared to land-based plants. The use of microalgae biomass as a protein source is attracting attention due to its interesting protein composition and sustainable character when compared to conventional animal and plant protein-based sources. Nonetheless, the existence of a rigid cell wall is typical for most microalgae species, and this presents a serious obstacle to a higher bioaccessibility of their valuable protein fractions. Depending on the cell wall composition, the gastrointestinal digestion process itself can result in different pathways of protein absorption. It is then important to understand how microalgae cell wall structure can be affected during traditional and industrial production of its biomass once these questions are often overlooked. This review intends to fulfill this gap by addressing the major impacts of innovative sustainable processing of microalgae biomass, giving particular attention to drying operations and cellular disruption methods based on electric field application—such as pulsed electric fields (PEF) and moderate electric fields (MEF). Using microalgae biomass as food supplements at its full potential depends on its protein digestibility patterns, and subsequently their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The importance of using in vitro gastrointestinal systems to understand the impact of innovative downstream processing of microalgae biomass will be addressed.