Eating Frequency in European Children from 1 to 96 Months of Age: Results of the Childhood Obesity Project Study

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the eating frequency (EF) in children over age, and examined the influence of country, sex, feeding mode and weight status on EF. We used the dietary data of the Childhood Obesity Project, which comprised European children from five countries. Dietary data of 3-days weighed and estimated records were available monthly from 1 to 9 and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 60-, 72- and 96-months old. Generalized additive mixed effects models were used to estimate EF trajectories with EF as outcome and applying age splines. Additionally, the models were further adjusted for country, feeding mode, sex or weight status. Data from 1244 children were analysed. EF was highest at 1 month with on average 7.3 ± 1.9 feeds per day, and fell to 5.1 ± 1.1 eating occasions at the age 96 months. Night feeding was similarly often than day feeding at 1 month but declined thereafter. Significant differences in EF were observed between countries (p < 0.05), with the highest EF in Poland, and between infant feeding modes, with a higher EF in breastfed than non-breastfed infants (p < 0.05). Sex and body weight were not associated with EF. Despite the importance of EF towards total energy intake, no association with weight status was found.