Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Development: Extrapolating Basic Biology to Stem Cell Research

Author:

Gupta Santosh1,Lytvynchuk Lyubomyr23,Ardan Taras4,Studenovska Hana5ORCID,Faura Georgina6ORCID,Eide Lars6,Znaor Ljubo7ORCID,Erceg Slaven89,Stieger Knut2ORCID,Motlik Jan4,Bharti Kapil10,Petrovski Goran1711ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway

2. Department of Ophthalmology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, 35392 Giessen, Germany

3. Karl Landsteiner Institute for Retinal Research and Imaging, 1030 Vienna, Austria

4. Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic

5. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16206 Prague, Czech Republic

6. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway

7. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Split School of Medicine and University Hospital Centre, 21000 Split, Croatia

8. Research Center “Principe Felipe”, Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, 46012 Valencia, Spain

9. Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 11720 Prague, Czech Republic

10. Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research Section, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

11. Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway

Abstract

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms an important cellular monolayer, which contributes to the normal physiology of the eye. Damage to the RPE leads to the development of degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Apart from acting as a physical barrier between the retina and choroidal blood vessels, the RPE is crucial in maintaining photoreceptor (PR) and visual functions. Current clinical intervention to treat early stages of AMD includes stem cell-derived RPE transplantation, which is still in its early stages of evolution. Therefore, it becomes essential to derive RPEs which are functional and exhibit features as observed in native human RPE cells. The conventional strategy is to use the knowledge obtained from developmental studies using various animal models and stem cell-based exploratory studies to understand RPE biogenies and developmental trajectory. This article emphasises such studies and aims to present a comprehensive understanding of the basic biology, including the genetics and molecular pathways of RPE development. It encompasses basic developmental biology and stem cell-based developmental studies to uncover RPE differentiation. Knowledge of the in utero developmental cues provides an inclusive methodology required for deriving RPEs using stem cells.

Funder

collaborative European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Norway Grants and Technology Agency of the Czech Republic

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Medicine (miscellaneous)

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