Exploring Motor Network Connectivity in State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Author:

Marzetti Laura12ORCID,Basti Alessio1,Guidotti Roberto1ORCID,Baldassarre Antonello12,Metsomaa Johanna34,Zrenner Christoph5678ORCID,D’Andrea Antea1ORCID,Makkinayeri Saeed1,Pieramico Giulia1ORCID,Ilmoniemi Risto J.4,Ziemann Ulf35ORCID,Romani Gian Luca2,Pizzella Vittorio12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy

2. Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy

3. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

4. Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 12200, 00076 Aalto, Finland

5. Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

6. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada

7. Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada

8. Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H1, Canada

Abstract

State-dependent non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) informed by electroencephalography (EEG) has contributed to the understanding of NIBS inter-subject and inter-session variability. While these approaches focus on local EEG characteristics, it is acknowledged that the brain exhibits an intrinsic long-range dynamic organization in networks. This proof-of-concept study explores whether EEG connectivity of the primary motor cortex (M1) in the pre-stimulation period aligns with the Motor Network (MN) and how the MN state affects responses to the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1. One thousand suprathreshold TMS pulses were delivered to the left M1 in eight subjects at rest, with simultaneous EEG. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured from the right hand. The source space functional connectivity of the left M1 to the whole brain was assessed using the imaginary part of the phase locking value at the frequency of the sensorimotor μ-rhythm in a 1 s window before the pulse. Group-level connectivity revealed functional links between the left M1, left supplementary motor area, and right M1. Also, pulses delivered at high MN connectivity states result in a greater MEP amplitude compared to low connectivity states. At the single-subject level, this relation is more highly expressed in subjects that feature an overall high cortico-spinal excitability. In conclusion, this study paves the way for MN connectivity-based NIBS.

Funder

European Research Council

Italian Ministry of University and Research

Publisher

MDPI AG

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