Using Liver Organoids as Models to Study the Pathobiology of Rare Liver Diseases

Author:

Obeid Dalia A.1ORCID,Mir Tanveer Ahmad1,Alzhrani Alaa123,Altuhami Abdullah1,Shamma Talal1,Ahmed Sana14,Kazmi Shadab45,Fujitsuka Iriya6,Ikhlaq Mohd7,Shabab Mohammad8,Assiri Abdullah M.12ORCID,Broering Dieter C.12

Affiliation:

1. Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia

2. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia

3. College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia

4. School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan

5. Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA

6. Toyama Red Cross Hospital, Toyama 930-0859, Toyama, Japan

7. Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Toyama, Japan

8. School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh 147301, Punjab, India

Abstract

Liver organoids take advantage of several important features of pluripotent stem cells that self-assemble in a three-dimensional culture matrix and reproduce many aspects of the complex organization found within their native tissue or organ counterparts. Compared to other 2D or 3D in vitro models, organoids are widely believed to be genetically stable or docile structures that can be programmed to virtually recapitulate certain biological, physiological, or pathophysiological features of original tissues or organs in vitro. Therefore, organoids can be exploited as effective substitutes or miniaturized models for the study of the developmental mechanisms of rare liver diseases, drug discovery, the accurate evaluation of personalized drug responses, and regenerative medicine applications. However, the bioengineering of organoids currently faces many groundbreaking challenges, including a need for a reasonable tissue size, structured organization, vascularization, functional maturity, and reproducibility. In this review, we outlined basic methodologies and supplements to establish organoids and summarized recent technological advances for experimental liver biology. Finally, we discussed the therapeutic applications and current limitations.

Funder

King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Saudi Arabia

Publisher

MDPI AG

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