In Association with Other Risk Factors, Smoking Is the Main Predictor for Lower Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes

Author:

Bulum Tomislav12ORCID,Brkljačić Neva1,Tičinović Ivančić Angelika3,Čavlović Maja1,Prkačin Ingrid24,Tomić Martina1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

2. School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

3. Zagreb Country Public Health Institute, 10430 Samobor, Croatia

4. Department of Internal Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD), and diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputations. This study investigated the risk factors for transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) in T2DM, a noninvasive method to quantify skin oxygenation and the underlying microvascular circulation. The study included 119 T2DM patients (91 male/28 female). TcPO2 measurements were conducted with the Tina TCM4 Series transcutaneous monitor (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Sweden) and skin electrodes. Patients with TcPO2 < 40 mmHg were younger (p = 0.001), had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.023), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p = 0.013), fasting plasma glucose (fPG) (p = 0.038), total cholesterol (p = 0.006), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.004), and had more frequent smoking habits (p = 0.001) than those with TcPO2 ≥ 40 mmHg. The main predictors for the TcPO2 value (R2 = 0.211) obtained via stepwise regression analysis were age, smoking, SBP, HbA1c, fPG, and total and LDL cholesterol. Among all the listed predictors, smoking, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol were found to be the most significant, with negative parameter estimates of −3.051310 (p = 0.0007), −2.032018 (p = 0.0003), and −2.560353 (p = 0.0046). The results of our study suggest that in association with other risk factors, smoking is the main predictor for lower TcPO2 in T2DM.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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