Arctigenin Attenuates Vascular Inflammation Induced by High Salt through TMEM16A/ESM1/VCAM-1 Pathway

Abstract

Salt-sensitive hypertension is closely related to inflammation, but the mechanism is barely known. Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) is the Ca2+-activated chloride channel in epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and sensory neurons. It can promote inflammatory responses by increasing proinflammatory cytokine release. Here, we identified a positive role of TMEM16A in vascular inflammation. The expression of TMEM16A was increased in high-salt-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), whereas inhibiting TMEM16A or silencing TMEM16A with small interfering RNA (siRNA) can abolish this effect in vitro or in vivo. Transcriptome analysis of VSMCs revealed some differential downstream genes of TMEM16A related to inflammation, such as endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) and CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16). Overexpression of TMEM16A in VSMCs was accompanied by high levels of ESM1, CXCL16, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We treated VSMCs cultured with high salt and arctigenin (ARC), T16Ainh-A01 (T16), and TMEM16A siRNA (siTMEM16A), leading to greatly decreased ESM1, CXCL16, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. Beyond that, silencing ESM1, the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and CXCL16 was attenuated. In conclusion, our results outlined a signaling scheme that increased TMEM16 protein upregulated ESM1, which possibly activated the CXCL16 pathway and increased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, which drives VSMC inflammation. Beyond that, arctigenin, as a natural inhibitor of TMEM16A, can reduce the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of salt-sensitive hypertension mice and alleviate vascular inflammation.