Emodin Ameliorates the Efficacy of Carfilzomib in Multiple Myeloma Cells via Apoptosis and Autophagy

Author:

Hsu Chin-MuORCID,Yen Chia-HungORCID,Wang Shu-Chen,Liu Yi-Chang,Huang Chien-Tzu,Wang Min-Hong,Chuang Tzer-MingORCID,Ke Ya-Lun,Yeh Tsung-JangORCID,Gau Yuh-ChingORCID,Du Jeng-ShiunORCID,Wang Hui-ChingORCID,Cho Shih-Feng,Tsai Yuhsin,Hsiao Chi-En,Hsiao Samuel Yien,Hsiao Hui-Hua

Abstract

Background: Carfilzomib, the proteasome inhibitor, can increase the overall survival rate of multiple myeloma (MM) patients undergoing targeted therapy. However, relapse and toxicity present great challenges for such treatment, so an urgent need for effective combination therapy is necessary. Emodin is a natural chemical compound that inhibits the proliferation of various cancers and can effectively combine with other treatments. In this study, we evaluated the sensitizing effect of emodin combined with carfilzomib on MM cells. Methods: The cells were treated with emodin, carfilzomib, and a combination of drugs to determine their effects on cell proliferation and viability. The cell cycle distribution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression were measured by flow cytometry. The level of RNA and protein were analyzed through real-time qPCR and immunoblotting. Results: Emodin acted synergistically with carfilzomib to reduce the proliferation and viability of MM cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, the combination of emodin and carfilzomib increased ROS production, inducing apoptosis and autophagy pathways via caspase-3, PARP, p62, and LC3B. Conclusions: These results provide a molecular target for combination therapy in MM patients.

Funder

Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital

Ministry of Science and Technology

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Medicine (miscellaneous)

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