The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning (PPP): A Comprehensive Review-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Implementation of Precise Point Positioning (PPP): A Comprehensive Review

Published:2023-10-31 Issue:21 Volume:23 Page:8874
ISSN:1424-8220
Container-title:Sensors
language:en
Short-container-title:Sensors

Author:

Elsheikh Mohamed¹²^ORCID,Iqbal Umar³^ORCID,Noureldin Aboelmagd²⁴^ORCID,Korenberg Michael²

Affiliation:

1. Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering Department, Tanta University, Tanta 31512, Egypt

2. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

3. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA

4. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada

Abstract

High-precision positioning from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has garnered increased interest due to growing demand in various applications, like autonomous car navigation and precision agriculture. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) offers a distinct advantage over differential techniques by enabling precise position determination of a GNSS rover receiver through the use of external corrections sourced from either the Internet or dedicated correction satellites. However, PPP’s implementation has been challenging due to the need to mitigate numerous GNSS error sources, many of which are eliminated in differential techniques such as Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) or overlooked in Standard Point Positioning (SPP). This paper extensively reviews PPP’s error sources, such as ionospheric delays, tropospheric delays, satellite orbit and clock errors, phase and code biases, and site displacement effects. Additionally, this article examines various PPP models and correction sources that can be employed to address these errors. A detailed discussion is provided on implementing the standard dual-frequency (DF)-PPP to achieve centimeter- or millimeter-level positioning accuracy. This paper includes experimental examples of PPP implementation results using static data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) station network and a kinematic road test based on the actual trajectory to showcase DF-PPP development for practical applications. By providing a fusion of theoretical insights with practical demonstrations, this comprehensive review offers readers a pragmatic perspective on the evolving field of Precise Point Positioning.

Funder

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Biochemistry,Instrumentation,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics,Analytical Chemistry

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/21/8874/pdf

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