Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases for more than 70 years; they also have immunomodulatory and anticancer effects, which are linked to autophagy and autophagy-independent mechanisms. Herein, we review the pharmacokinetics, preclinical studies and clinical trials investigating the use of CQ and HCQ as adjuvant agents in cancer therapy. We also discuss their safety profile, drug–drug and drug–disease interactions. Systematic studies are required to define the use of CQ/HCQ and/or their analogues in cancer treatment and to identify predictive biomarkers of responder subpopulations.
Reference95 articles.
1. Antimalarial agents. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine;Tanenbaum;Arch. Dermatol.,1980
2. Current and Future Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Infectious, Immune, Neoplastic, and Neurological Diseases: A Mini-Review;Plantone;Clin. Drug Investig.,2018
3. Comparison of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine use and the development of retinal toxicity;Finbloom;J. Rheumatol.,1985
4. Chloroquine: Modes of action of an undervalued drug;Thomé;Immunol. Lett.,2013
5. WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs used in Parasitic Diseases, 1995.
Cited by
4 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献，注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献，订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献