Hydrobiological Aspects of Fatty Acids: Unique, Rare, and Unusual Fatty Acids Incorporated into Linear and Cyclic Lipopeptides and Their Biological Activity

Abstract

The study of lipopeptides and their related compounds produced by various living organisms from bacteria to marine invertebrates is of fundamental interest for medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and practical clinical medicine. Using the principles of retrosynthetic analysis of linear and cyclic peptides, the pharmacological activity of unique, unusual, and rare fatty acids (FA) that are part of natural lipopeptides was investigated. To search for new biologically active natural metabolites from natural sources, more than 350 FA incorporated into linear and cyclic peptides isolated from bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, marine invertebrates, fungal endophytes, and microorganisms isolated from sediments are presented. Biological activities have been studied experimentally in various laboratories, as well as data obtained using QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) algorithms. According to the data obtained, several FA were identified that demonstrated strong antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, or antitumor activity. Along with this, FA have been found that have shown rare properties such as antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-psoriatic, anti-ischemic, and anti-infective activities. In addition, FA have been found as potential regulators of lipid metabolism, as well as agents for the treatment of acute neurological disorders, as well as in the treatment of atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. For 36 FA, 3D graphs are presented, which demonstrate their predicted and calculated activities.