Associations between Cholesterol Intake, Food Sources and Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Residents

Abstract

Cholesterol is a nutrient commonly found in the human diet. The relationship between dietary cholesterol, its sources, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a topic of debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary cholesterol, its sources, and cardiovascular events in a Chinese population. The present study analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort between 1991 and 2015. This study analyzed data from 3903 participants who were 40 years of age or older at baseline and had no history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension. During a median follow-up of 14 years, 503 cardiovascular disease events were identified through follow-up questionnaires administered every 2–3 years. The events included fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and other cardiovascular disease deaths. Cox regression was used to estimate risk ratios (HR) for CVD events after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. It was discovered that sources of dietary cholesterol varied among different subgroups of the population. The top three sources of cholesterol among all participants were eggs, red meat, and seafood, accounting for 57.4%, 28.2%, and 9.0% of total daily cholesterol intake, respectively. The present study found that there was a significant association between total dietary cholesterol intake, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (adjusted HR [95% CI]: total cholesterol (highest and lowest quartiles compared) 1.57 [1.17–2.11]). Cholesterol from poultry, seafood, and eggs was also significantly associated with a reduced risk of CVD (adjusted HR [95% CI]: poultry 0.18 [0.04–0.82], seafood 0.11 [0.02–0.54], and eggs 0.16 [0.03–0.73]). After adjusting for daily caloric intake, daily fat intake, and daily saturated fat intake, the previously observed association between red meat cholesterol and cardiovascular events (unadjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.44 [0.35–0.55]) was no longer statistically significant (adjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.21 [0.04–1.01]).