Trends in Calcium Intake among the US Population: Results from the NHANES (1999–2018)

Author:

Yu Zhongyi1,Li Yaqi1,Ba Djibril M.2ORCID,Veldheer Susan J.3ORCID,Sun Liang1,Geng Tingting4,Gao Xiang1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Institute of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

2. Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

3. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

Abstract

Inadequate calcium intake is common in the US. Trends in calcium intake among the US population have been less studied, especially in more recent years. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000 to 2017–2018 to study trends in calcium derived from diet and dietary supplements among the US population aged 2 years, stratified by sex, age group, race, and ethnicity. Among the 80,880 participants included in our study, a substantial portion consistently lacked sufficient calcium intake, even when considering calcium from supplements. Concerning trends were observed over the more recent ten years (2009–2018), with decreased dietary calcium intake and no significant improvement in the prevalence of dietary calcium intake < Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or the prevalence of taking calcium-containing dietary supplements among them. Decreasing trends in dietary calcium intake were more concerning among men, children, and non-Hispanic Whites. Attention should be given to subgroups with higher calcium intake requirements (e.g., 9–18 years and 60+ years), and subgroups with low levels of dietary calcium and a low prevalence of obtaining calcium from dietary supplements (e.g., the non-Hispanic Black subgroup). Concerning trends of calcium intake were observed among the US population from 2009 to 2018. Tailored guidance on dietary choices and dietary supplement use is required to change consumers’ behaviors.

Funder

Startup Grant at Fudan University

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

Publisher

MDPI AG

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