Effect of Dentin Bonding Agents, Various Resin Composites and Curing Modes on Bond Strength to Human Dentin

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of several dentin bonding agents, resin composites and curing modes on push-out bond strength to human dentin. 360 extracted caries-free third molars were prepared, cut into slices, embedded in epoxy resin and perforated centrally. One half of the specimens (180) were treated by using one-step adhesive systems and the other half (180) with multi-step adhesive systems. Subsequently, the cavities were filled with either universal, flowable or bulk-fill resin composite according to the manufactures’ product line and cured with either turbo or soft start program. After storage the push-out test was performed. The data was analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, three- and one-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffé post-hoc test, unpaired two-sample t-test (p < 0.05). The strongest influence on push-out bond strength was exerted by the resin composite type (partial eta squared ηP2 = 0.505, p < 0.001), followed by the adhesive system (ηP2 = 0.138, p < 0.001), while the choice of the curing intensity was not significant (p = 0.465). The effect of the binary or ternary combinations of the three parameters was significant for the combinations resin composite type coupled adhesive system (ηP2 = 0.054, p < 0.001), only. The flowable resin composites showed predominantly mixed, while the universal and bulk-fill resin composite showed adhesive failure types. Cohesive failure types were not observed in any group. Multi-step adhesive systems are preferable to one-step adhesive systems due to their higher bond strength to dentin. Flowable resin composites showed the highest bond strength and should become more important as restoration material especially in cavity lining. The use of a soft start modus for polymerization of resin composites does not enhance the bond strength to dentin.