Abstract
Decreased greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are urgently needed in view of global health threat represented by climate change. The goal of this paper is to test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, considering less common measures of environmental burden. For that, four different estimations are done, one considering total GHG emissions, and three more taking into account, individually, the three main GHG gases—carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane gas (CH4)—considering the oldest and most recent economies adhering to the EU27 (the EU 15 (Old Europe) and the EU 12 (New Europe)) separately. Using panel dynamic fixed effects (DFE), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) techniques, we validate the existence of a U-shaped relationship for all emission proxies considered, and groups of countries in the short-run. Some evidence of this effect also exists in the long-run. However, we were only able to validate the EKC hypothesis for the short-run in EU 12 under DOLS and the short and long-run using FMOLS. Confirmed is the fact that results are sensitive to models and measures adopted. Externalization of problems globally takes a longer period for national policies to correct, turning global measures harder and local environmental proxies more suitable to deeply explore the EKC hypothesis.
Subject
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Reference93 articles.
1. Report of the Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on Its Fourth Session. Held in Poznan from 1 to 12 December 2008. Framework Convention on Climate Change. FCCC/KP/CMP/2008/11/Add.2 19 March 2009. GE.09-60537https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/cmp4/eng/11a02.pdf
2. Global warming and economic externalities
3. Analyzing Similarities between the European Union Countries in Terms of the Structure and Volume of Energy Production from Renewable Energy Sources
4. EUR-Lex—32016L2284—EN—EUR-Lexhttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.344.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:344:TOC
5. COP 21—PARIS AGREEMENT | Legislative Train Schedule | European Parliamenthttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-resilient-energy-union-with-a-climate-change-policy/file-cop-21-paris-agreement
Cited by
11 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献