Oligonucleotides Isolation and Separation—A Review on Adsorbent Selection

Abstract

Oligonucleotides have many important applications, including as primers in polymerase chain reactions and probes for DNA sequencing. They are proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for various diseases and therapeutics in antisense therapy. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction methods to separate oligonucleotides and isolate them from biological samples. Many reviews have been written about the determination of these compounds using the separation technique or sample preparation for their isolation. However, presumably, there are no articles that critically review the adsorbents used in liquid chromatography or solid phase extraction. The present publication reviews the literature from the last twenty years related to supports (silica, polymers, magnetic nanoparticles) and their modifications. The discussed issues concern reversed phase (alkyl, aromatic, cholesterol, mixed ligands), ion-exchange (strong and weak ones), polar (silica, polyhydroxy, amide, zwitterionic), and oligonucleotide-based adsorbents.