Simultaneous Li-Doping and Formation of SnO2-Based Composites with TiO2: Applications for Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO2) has been recognized as one of the beneficial components in the electron transport layer (ETL) of lead–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its high electron mobility. The SnO2-based thin film serves for electron extraction and transport in the device, induced by light absorption at the perovskite layer. The focus of this paper is on the heat treatment of a nanoaggregate layer of single-nanometer-scale SnO2 particles in combination with another metal-dopant precursor to develop a new process for ETL in PSCs. The combined precursor solution of Li chloride and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) was deposited onto the SnO2 layer. We varied the heat treatment conditions of the spin-coated films comprising double layers, i.e., an Li/TTIP precursor layer and SnO2 nanoparticle layer, to understand the effects of nanoparticle interconnection via sintering and the mixing ratio of the Li-dopant on the photovoltaic performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) measurements of the sintered nanoparticles suggested that an Li-doped solid solution of SnO2 with a small amount of TiO2 nanoparticles formed via heating. Interestingly, the bandgap of the Li-doped ETL samples was estimated to be 3.45 eV, indicating a narrower bandgap as compared to that of pure SnO2. This observation also supported the formation of an SnO2/TiO2 solid solution in the ETL. The utilization of such a nanoparticulate SnO2 film in combination with an Li/TTIP precursor could offer a new approach as an alternative to conventional SnO2 electron transport layers for optimizing the performance of lead–halide perovskite solar cells.