Potassium Phosphonate Induces Resistance in Sweet Chestnut against Ink Disease Caused by Phytophthora Species

Abstract

Ink disease, caused by Phytophthora spp., represents a serious threat to sweet chestnuts throughout their distribution area. Among the control strategies, new perspectives have been offered by using potassium phosphonate, which indirectly controls Phytophthora diseases by acting on both host physiology and host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we tested in planta the effectiveness of trunk injection with K-phosphonate against seven different Phytophthora species associated with ink disease. For the two most aggressive species, P. cinnamomi and P. ×cambivora, the treatments were repeated at two different environmental conditions (a mean temperature of 14.5 °C vs. 25 °C) and tree phenology stages. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that K-phosphonate could contain the development of Phytophthora infection in phloem tissues. However, its effectiveness varied based on the concentration applied and the Phytophthora species tested. A concentration of 280 g/L of K-phosphonate was the most effective, and in some cases, callus formation around the necrotic lesion was detected. Overall, this study broadens the knowledge of endotherapic treatments with K-phosphonate as an effective measure for managing chestnut ink disease. Interestingly, the increase in mean temperature had a positive impact on the development of P. cinnamomi lesions on chestnut phloem tissues.