Xenophagy as a Strategy for Mycobacterium leprae Elimination during Type 1 or Type 2 Leprosy Reactions: A Systematic Review
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Published:2023-12-15
Issue:12
Volume:12
Page:1455
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ISSN:2076-0817
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Container-title:Pathogens
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Pathogens
Author:
Cerqueira Débora Dantas Nucci12ORCID, Pereira Ana Letícia Silva1ORCID, da Costa Ana Elisa Coelho1ORCID, de Souza Tarcísio Joaquim3, de Sousa Fernandes Matheus Santos12ORCID, Souto Fabrício Oliveira123ORCID, Santos Patrícia d’Emery Alves123ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil 2. Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil 3. Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
Abstract
Background: Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular bacillus that causes leprosy, a neglected disease that affects macrophages and Schwann cells. Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory responses to mycobacterial antigens, classified as type1 (T1R), a predominant cellular immune response, or type2 (T2R), a humoral phenomenon, leading to a high number of bacilli in infected cells and nerve structures. Xenophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets intracellular bacteria for lysosomal degradation; however, its immune mechanisms during leprosy reactions are still unclear. This review summarizes the relationship between the autophagic process and M. leprae elimination during leprosy reactions. Methods: Three databases, PubMed/Medline (n = 91), Scopus (n = 73), and ScienceDirect (n = 124), were searched. After applying the eligibility criteria, articles were selected for independent peer reviewers in August 2023. Results: From a total of 288 studies retrieved, eight were included. In multibacillary (MB) patients who progressed to T1R, xenophagy blockade and increased inflammasome activation were observed, with IL-1β secretion before the reactional episode occurrence. On the other hand, recent data actually observed increased IL-15 levels before the reaction began, as well as IFN-γ production and xenophagy induction. Conclusion: Our search results showed a dichotomy in the T1R development and their relationship with xenophagy. No T2R studies were found.
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical),General Immunology and Microbiology,Molecular Biology,Immunology and Allergy
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