Affiliation:
1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
2. Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
Abstract
Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB: Escherichia coli and enterococci) are used to assess recreational water quality. Viral indicators (i.e., somatic and F+ coliphage), could improve the prediction of viral pathogens in recreational waters, however, the impact of environmental factors, including the effect of predatory protozoa source, on their survival in water is poorly understood. We investigated the effect of lakewater or wastewater protozoa, on the decay (decreasing concentrations over time) of culturable FIB and coliphages under sunlight and shaded conditions. FIB decay was generally greater than the coliphages and was more rapid when indicators were exposed to lake vs. wastewater protozoa. F+ coliphage decay was the least affected by experimental variables. Somatic coliphage decayed fastest in the presence of wastewater protozoa and sunlight, though their decay under shaded conditions was-10-fold less than F+ after 14 days. The protozoa source consistently contributed significantly to the decay of FIB, and somatic, though not the F+ coliphage. Sunlight generally accelerated decay, and shade reduced somatic coliphage decay to the lowest level among all the indicators. Differential responses of FIB, somatic, and F+ coliphages to environmental factors support the need for studies that address the relationship between the decay of coliphages and viral pathogens under environmentally relevant conditions.
Funder
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical),General Immunology and Microbiology,Molecular Biology,Immunology and Allergy
Reference93 articles.
1. Viruses in recreational water-borne disease outbreaks: A review;Sinclair;J. Appl. Microbiol.,2009
2. Outbreaks Associated with Untreated Recreational Water—United States, 2000–2014;Graciaa;Am. J. Transplant.,2018
3. Outbreaks of Illness Associated with Recreational Water--United States, 2011-2012;Hlavsa;MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.,2015
4. Norovirus outbreak associated with a natural lake used for recreation—Oregon, 2014;Zlot;MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.,2015
5. (2010). Method A: Enterococci in Water by TaqMan Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Assay (Standard No. EPA-821-R-10-004).
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献