Expanding Understanding of Urban Rift Valley Fever Risk and Associated Vector Ecology at Slaughterhouses in Kisumu, Kenya

Author:

Gerken Keli Nicole1ORCID,Owuor Kevin Omondi2,Ndenga Bryson2ORCID,Wambua Sammy345ORCID,Winter Christabel2,Chemutai Salome34,Omukuti Rodney34,Arabu Daniel34,Miring’u Irene34,Wilson William C.6ORCID,Mutuku Francis7ORCID,Waggoner Jesse J.8,Pinsky Benjamin1ORCID,Bosire Carren9ORCID,LaBeaud Angelle Desiree1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

2. Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu 40100, Kenya

3. Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi 80108, Kenya

4. Research and Conservation Support Society (RECOURSE), Kilifi 80108, Kenya

5. School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK

6. Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA

7. Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80110, Kenya

8. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

9. Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80100, Kenya

Abstract

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an adaptable arbovirus that can be transmitted by a wide variety of arthropods. Widespread urban transmission of RVFV has not yet occurred, but peri-urban outbreaks of RVFV have recently been documented in East Africa. We previously reported low-level exposure in urban communities and highlighted the risk of introduction via live animal influx. We deployed a slaughtered animal testing framework in response to an early warning system at two urban slaughterhouses and tested animals entering the meat value chain for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM antibodies. We simultaneously trapped mosquitoes for RVFV and bloodmeal testing. Out of 923 animals tested, an 8.5% IgG seroprevalence was identified but no evidence of recent livestock exposure was detected. Mosquito species abundance varied greatly by slaughterhouse site, which explained 52% of the variance in blood meals. We captured many Culex spp., a known RVFV amplifying vector, at one of the sites (p < 0.001), and this species had the most diverse blood meals. No mosquito pools tested positive for RVFV antigen using a rapid VecTOR test. These results expand understanding of potential RVF urban disease ecology, and highlight that slaughterhouses are key locations for future surveillance, modelling, and monitoring efforts.

Funder

American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

USDA Agricultural Research Service

Publisher

MDPI AG

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