Monoterpene Composition of Phloem of Eastern Larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) in the Great Lakes Region: With What Must the Eastern Larch Beetle (Dendroctonus simplex LeConte) Contend?

Abstract

The eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus simplex LeConte) is the only tree-killing bark beetle that colonizes tamarack, or eastern larch, (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) in the Great Lakes region. Historically, outbreaks have been intermittent and of short duration, frequently following predisposing factors such as drought or defoliation. However, over the past two decades, this insect has been in a perpetual state of outbreak in parts of the U.S. Great Lakes region, a deviation from historic norms. From 2001–2021, the insect impacted 300,000 ha, or 60% of the tamarack forests in Minnesota. This activity has prompted renewed interest in the beetle’s chemical ecology, including aspects of host semiochemistry. While foliar chemistry has been well documented in L. laricina, characterization of the monoterpene composition of the phloem has been lacking. We collected phloem samples from 56 tamarack trees across 14 locations in Wisconsin and Minnesota and assessed the relative abundances of the major monoterpenes present using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Individual terpenoid components identified included α-pinene (39.4%) and ∆-3-carene (30.0%) followed by several other components in small (<8%) amounts. This knowledge provides a basis for future testing of monoterpene synergists or antagonists in pheromone lures targeting eastern larch beetle and/or its natural enemies.