On the Synergy between Elemental Carbon and Inorganic Ions in the Determination of the Electrical Conductance Properties of Deposited Aerosols: Implications for Energy Applications

Abstract

The role of the elemental carbon (EC), in synergy with hygroscopic ionic species, was investigated to study the formation of electrical bridging phenomena once the aerosol deliquescence is achieved. Ambient aerosol samples were collected on hydrophobic surfaces in urban and rural sites in Northern Italy; their conductance was measured in an Aerosol Exposure Chamber (AEC) while varying the relative humidity. An electric signal was detected on 64% of the collected samples with conductance values (11.20 ± 7.43 μS) above the failure threshold (1 μS) of printed circuit boards. The ionic content was higher for non-electrically conductive samples (43.7 ± 5.6%) than for electrically conductive ones (37.1 ± 5.6%). Conversely, EC was two times higher for electrically conductive samples (26.4 ± 4.1 μg cm−2; 8.4 ± 1.7%) than for non-electrical ones (12.0 ± 4.1 μg cm−2; 5.2 ± 1.9%) suggesting that the synergy between the ionic and carbonaceous fractions is necessary to promote a bridging phenomenon. Synthetic aerosols (EC only, saline only, mixed saline and EC) were generated in laboratory and their conductance was measured in the AEC to verify the ambient results. Only in case of a contemporary presence of both EC and ionic components the bridging phenomenon occurred in keeping with the theoretical deliquescence values of each salt (R2 = 0.996).