Enhancing Removal of Pollutants by Combining Photocatalysis and Photo-Fenton Using Co, Fe-Doped Titanate Nanowires

Author:

Barrocas B. T.1ORCID,Osawa R.2,Oliveira M. Conceição3ORCID,Monteiro O. C.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

2. FT-ICR and Structural Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

3. Centro Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract

Aiming to improve their photocatalytic performance, titanate nanowires (TNW) were modified by Fe and Co (co)-doping, FeTNW, CoTNW and CoFeTNW samples, using a hydrothermal methodology. XRD characterization agrees with the existence of Fe and Co in the lattice structure.and the existence of Co2+ together with the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the structure was confirmed by XPS. The optical characterization of the modified powders shows the impact of the d–d transitions of both metals in the absorption properties of TNW, mainly in the creation of additional 3d energetic levels within the prohibited zone. The effect of the doping metal(s) in the recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers suggests a higher impact of Fe presence when compared to Co. The photocatalytic characterization of the prepared samples was evaluated via the removal of acetaminophen. Furthermore, a mixture containing both acetaminophen and caffeine, a well-known commercial combination, was also tested. CoFeTNW sample was the best photocatalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen in both situations. A mechanism for the photo-activation of the modified semiconductor is discussed and a model proposed. It was concluded that both Co and Fe are essential, within the TNW structure, for the successful removal of acetaminophen and caffeine.

Funder

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Materials Science

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