The Metallotolerance and Biosorption of As(V) and Cr(VI) by Black Fungi

Abstract

A collection of 34 melanized fungi isolated previously from anthropogenic contaminated sites were assessed for their tolerance to toxic concentrations of As(V) and Cr(VI) anions. Three strains of the species Cyphellophora olivacea, Rhinocladiella similis, and Exophiala mesophila (Chaetothyriales) were identified as hyper-metallotolerant, with estimated IC50 values that ranged from 11.2 to 16.9 g L−1 for As(V) and from 2.0 to 3.4 g L−1 for Cr(VI). E. mesophila and R. similis were selected for subsequent assays on their biosorption capacity and kinetics under different pH values (4.0 and 6.5) and types of biomass (active and dead cells and melanin extracts). The fungal biosorption of As(V) was relatively ineffective, but significant removal of Cr(VI) was observed from liquid cultures. The Langmuir model with second-order kinetics showed maximum sorption capacities of 39.81 mg Cr6+ g−1 for R. similis and 95.26 mg Cr6+ g−1 for E. mesophila on a dry matter basis, respectively, while the kinetic constant for these two fungi was 1.32 × 10−6 and 1.39 × 10−7 g (mg Cr6+ min)−1. Similar experiments with melanin extracts of E. mesophila showed maximum sorption capacities of 544.84 mg Cr6+ g−1 and a kinetic constant of 1.67 × 10−6 g (mg Cr6+ min)−1. These results were compared to bibliographic data, suggesting that metallotolerance in black fungi might be the result of an outer cell-wall barrier to reduce the diffusion of toxic metals into the cytoplasm, as well as the inner cell wall biosorption of leaked metals by melanin.