Detection of Residual 2-Phenylphenol on Lemon Rind by Electrochemically Deposited Poly(hydroxybenzaldehyde) and Poly(hydroxybenzoic acid) Polymeric Stackings as Electrode Modifiers

Abstract

This study explores the characteristics of electrodeposition of the three hydroxybenzaldehyde isomers and selected hydroxybenzoic acids (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) from mesityl oxide solvent. Similar to recent advances of this solvent, used by electrochemical studies, the carbon–carbon double bond had significant influence on the formation of polymers from the outlined molecules. In case of most substrates the peak currents increased to a steady-state but electropolymerization of some substrates caused significant deactivation. Scanning electron microscopic and complementary voltammetric studies facilitated that the electrochemically formed polymers are present on the electrode surface in stackings. In viewpoint of analysis of 2-phenylphenol, the modifying deposit formed from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was the best with 5 µM detection limit obtained with differential pulse voltammetry. Furthermore, a new procedure was chosen for the involvement of a cavitand derivative into the organic layers with the purpose to improve the layer selectivity (subsequent electrochemical polymerization in an other solution). Further studies showed that in this way the sensitivities of as-modified electrodes were a little worse than without this step, thus indicating that application of this step is disadvantageous. Recovery studies of 2-phenylphenol were carried out on lemon rind without any treatment, and it was compared with the case when the outer yellow layer was removed by rasping. The inner tissues showed very high adsorption affinity towards 2-phenylphenol.