Predictors of Variation in the Cognitive Function Trajectories among Older Adults Living Alone: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach

Abstract

Background: Considering the global aging population, this study investigates changes in cognitive function and predictive factors among older adults living alone. Methods: Using data collected from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the study examines 1217 participants to identify distinct cognitive change patterns and the variables affecting them. Results: Two primary cognitive function change types emerged: “High-Level Declining Type” and “Low-Level Stable Type.” Although the former initially displayed normal cognitive function, it gradually declined over a period of 14 years until it reached mild cognitive impairment (MCI) levels by the year 2020. While the latter group had lower cognitive function from the beginning and remained stable throughout the study. Older age, female gender, rural residence, lower education, lower income, unemployment, and higher levels of depression were linked to a higher likelihood of belonging to the “Low-Level Stable Type”. Conclusions: The findings of these studies emphasize the need for proactive interventions and regular cognitive assessments for older individuals living alone, as cognitive impairment can develop even in individuals whose cognitive abilities are initially good. Also, tailored interventions should target specific demographic and socioeconomic groups to mitigate cognitive decline effectively.